Learning disabilities are multifaceted and go beyond the stereotypical perceptions of the disorder as simply reading difficulties, or letter problems. It is due to the interaction of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors with a biological origin that affects the brain’s ability to perceive and/or process verbal and non-verbal information efficiently and accurately. LD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that are not due to hearing or vision problems, social-economic factors, cultural or linguistic differences, lack of motivation, insufficient or unsatisfactory instruction. Children with a learning disability have average and sometimes above average intelligence. These children may have a combination of difficulties in speaking, listening, reading, comprehension, spelling, arithmetic calculations, writing and concepts. So we can consider the child to be suffering with learning disability when he/she displays an educationally significant discrepancy between his/her estimated intellectual potential and actual school performance that cannot be explained in terms of intellectual potential. Hence, learning disabled children are often misunderstood and accused of not listening, being lazy or clumsy resulting in low self-esteem, confidence and motivation. Learning disability is referred to as a hidden disability as children with learning disabilities do not look handicapped and their difficulties are not obvious. ADHD first appeared in 1968 in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) as “hyperkinetic impulse disorder.” Ever since 2000, awareness and research of learning disabilities and ADHD issues has taken off and in the year 2013 DSM-5 broadened its definition of the term “specific learning disorder”. Kirk was the first Psychologist to use the term “learning disability” in the year 1963 in Chicago at an education conference. The article by Pringle Morgan entitled “A Case of Congenital Word Blindness” (Morgan, 1896) in the British Medical Journal encouraged researchers and formed a basis for research to study other cases of LD to further explore studies on the definitions and identification tools of LD. The other influential researcher, who has made great contributions to the Learning Disability (LD) construct and develops understanding of the various issues related to LD was Pringle Morgan in the united Kingdom. Adolf Kussmaul (1877), a German neurologist was the first to identify reading disability and coined the term “word blindness.” He defines it as “complete text blindness … although the power of sight, the intellect, and the powers of speech are intact.” Almost after 10 years after the term “word blindness” appeared, the term ‘dyslexia’ was used by Berlin (1887) to define reading challenges. Although many researchers have contributed to the field, the seminal works of two important scientists are phenomenal even today. Over time, more and more people have become aware of these differences due to the brain research (1930–1960) that became the foundation of the field of learning disabilities.The terms such as brain-injured child was first used by Alfred Strauss and Laura Lehtinen. Mayo Clinic 2023.Learning disabilities and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been the topic of study interest for more than 100 years. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. The age-related central auditory processing disorder: Silent impairment of the cognitive ear. Electrophysiological screening for children with suspected auditory processing disorder: A systematic review. In: Braddom's Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Auditory, vestibular and visual impairments. Understanding auditory processing disorders in children.Trouble reading and writing, in children.Trouble understanding what people are saying.Repeated ear infections, especially at a young age.Īuditory processing disorder (APD) complications include:.Issues linked to birth, such as an early birth, low birth weight or a pregnant person using alcohol, drugs or tobacco.Risk factorsįactors that increase your risk of auditory processing disorder (APD) include: But with auditory processing disorder (APD), the auditory part of the brain can't do this. In typical hearing, the brain's auditory center takes the sound waves sent from the ears and turns them into sounds you know. In children, APD can be linked to issues at birth, such as low birth weight or early birth, or repeated ear infections. In older adults, conditions might include stroke and head trauma. The cause of auditory processing disorder (APD) is sometimes unknown.
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